Support vector machines for tree species identification using LiDAR-derived structure and intensity variables   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhenyu Zhang 《国际地球制图》2013,28(4):364-378

Tree species identification and forest type classification are critical for sustainable forest management and native forest conservation. Recent success in forest classification and tree species identification using LiDAR (light detection and ranging)-derived variables has been reported in many studies. However, there is still considerable scope for further improvement in classification accuracy. It has driven research into more efficient classifiers such as support vector machines (SVMs) to take maximum advantage of the information extracted from LiDAR data for potential increases in the accuracy of tree species classification. This study demonstrated the success of the SVMs for the identification of the Myrtle Beech (the dominant species of the Australian cool temperate rainforest in the study area) and adjacent tree species – notably, the Silver Wattle at individual tree level using LiDAR-derived structure and intensity variables. An overall accuracy of 92.8% was achieved from the SVM approach, showing significant advantages of the SVMs over the traditional classification methods such as linear discriminant analysis in terms of classification accuracy.  相似文献   

Glacier readvances in the Andes at 12 500–10 000 YR BP: Implications for mechanism of Late-glacial climatic change     

Chalmers M. Clapperton 《第四纪科学杂志》1993,8(3):197-215

Radiocarbon dates from two sites in the Andes (Ecuador and Peru) confirm that glaciers culminated a readvance after 11 000 yr BP. A moraine stage, equivalent in altitude and position relative to existing glaciers, is present in most glacierized ranges, but its age is equivocal. Broadly limiting dates from Colombia and Peru suggest that the stage may be Late-glacial, as it is younger than 12100 yr BP, but formed before the early Holocene; in southern Chile a comparable moraine stage is older than ca. 9100 yr BP. Andean glaciers appear to have advanced at least twice during the Late-glacial interval. Glacier reconstruction from these moraine limits suggests depression of the equilibrium line altitude by at least 300–400 m in the northern and north-central Andes, and possibly less than this farther south. Late-glacial climatic change occurred globally and possibly reflects North Atlantic temperature and circulation changes forced by deglaciation of the northern ice sheets, migrations north and south of the Atlantic Polar Front, and the switching off and on of a ‘dust pump’ in low midlatitudes.  相似文献   

Snow-distribution and melt modelling for glaciers in Zackenberg river drainage basin,north-eastern Greenland     

Sebastian H. Mernild  Glen E. Liston  Bent Hasholt 《水文研究》2007,21(24):3249-3263

A physically based snow-evolution modelling system (SnowModel) that includes four sub-models: MicroMet, EnBal, SnowPack, and SnowTran-3D, was used to simulate eight full-year evolutions of snow accumulation, distribution, sublimation, and surface melt from glaciers in the Zackenberg river drainage basin, in north-east Greenland. Meteorological observations from two meteorological stations were used as model inputs, and spatial snow depth observations, snow melt depletion curves from photographic time lapse, and a satellite image were used for model testing of snow and melt simulations, which differ from previous SnowModel tests methods used on Greenland glaciers. Modelled test-period-average end-of-winter snow water equivalent (SWE) depth for the depletion area differs by a maximum of 14 mm w.eq., or ∼6%, more than the observed, and modelled test-period-average snow cover extent differs by a maximum of 5%, or 0·8 km², less than the observed. Furthermore, comparison with a satellite image indicated a 7% discrepancy between observed and modelled snow cover extent for the entire drainage basin. About 18% (31 mm w.eq.) of the solid precipitation was returned to the atmosphere by sublimation. Modelled mean annual snow melt and glacier ice melt for the glaciers in the Zackenberg river drainage basin from 1997 through 2005 (September–August) averaged 207 mm w.eq. year⁻¹ and 1198 mm w.eq. year⁻¹, respectively, yielding a total averaging 1405 mm w.eq. year⁻¹. Total modelled mean annual surface melt varied from 960 mm w.eq. year⁻¹ to 1989 mm w.eq. year⁻¹. The surface-melt period started between mid-May and the beginning of June and lasted until mid-September. Annual calculated runoff averaged 1487 mm w.eq. year⁻¹ (∼150 × 10⁶ m³) (1997–2005) with variations from 1031 mm w.eq. year⁻¹ to 2051 mm w.eq. year⁻¹. The model simulated a total glacier recession averaging − 1347 mm w.eq. year⁻¹ (∼136 × 10⁶ m³) (1997–2005), which was almost equal to previous basin average hydrological water balance storage studies − 244 mm w.eq. year⁻¹ (∼125 × 10⁶ m³) (1997–2003). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Relative surface age‐dating of rock glacier systems near Hólar in Hjaltadalur,northern Iceland     

Andreas Kellerer‐Pirklbauer  Bjørn Wangensteen  Herman Farbrot  Bernd Etzelmüller 《第四纪科学杂志》2008,23(2):137-151

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East Greenland freshwater runoff to the Greenland‐Iceland‐Norwegian Seas 1999–2004 and 2071–2100     

Sebastian H. Mernild  Glen E. Liston  Bent Hasholt 《水文研究》2008,22(23):4571-4586

In this paper, we quantify the terrestrial flux of freshwater runoff from East Greenland to the Greenland‐Iceland‐Norwegian (GIN) Seas for the periods 1999–2004 and 2071–2100. Our analysis includes separate calculations of runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and the land strip area between the GrIS and the ocean. This study is based on validation and calibration of SnowModel with in situ data from the only two long‐term permanent automatic meteorological and hydrometric monitoring catchments in East Greenland: the Mittivakkat Glacier catchment (65°N) in SE Greenland, and the Zackenberg Glacier catchment (74°N) in NE Greenland. SnowModel was then used to estimate runoff from all of East Greenland to the ocean. Modelled glacier recession in both catchments for the period 1999–2004 was in accordance with observations, and dominates the annual catchment runoff by 30–90%. Average runoff from Mittivakkat, ～3·7 × 10^?2 km³ y^?1, and Zackenberg, ～21·9 × 10^?2 km³ y^?1, was dominated by the percentage of catchment glacier cover. Modelled East Greenland freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean was ～440 km³ y^?1 (1999–2004), dominated by contributions of ～40% from the land strip area and ～60% from the GrIS. East Greenland runoff contributes ～10% of the total annual freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean to the Greenland Sea. The future (2071–2100) climate impact assessment based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A2 and B2 scenarios indicates an increase of mean annual East Greenland air temperature by 2·7 °C from today's values. For 2071–2100, the mean annual freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean is modelled to be ～650 km³ y^?1: ～30% from the land strip area and ～70% from the GrIS. This is an increase of approximately ～50% from today's values. The freshwater runoff from the GrIS is more than double from today's values, based largely on increasing air temperature rather than from changes in net precipitation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Glacier variations in Breheimen,southern Norway: dating Little Ice Age moraine sequences at seven low‐altitude glaciers     

Stefan Winkler  John A. Matthews  Richard A. Shakesby  P. Quentin Dresser 《第四纪科学杂志》2003,18(5):395-413

Moraine sequences in front of seven relatively low‐altitude glaciers in the Breheimen region of central southern Norway are described and dated using a ‘multi‐proxy’ approach to moraine stratigraphy. Lichenometric dating, based on the Rhizocarpon subgenus, is used to construct a composite moraine chronology, which indicates eight phases of synchronous moraine formation: AD 1793–1799, 1807–1813, 1845–1852, 1859–1862, 1879–1885, 1897–1898, 1906–1908 and 1931–1933. Although the existence of a few cases of older moraines, possibly dating from earlier in the eighteenth or late in the seventeenth centuries cannot be ruled out by lichenometry, Schmidt hammer R‐values from boulders on outermost moraine ridges suggest an absence of Holocene moraines older than the Little Ice Age. Twenty‐three radiocarbon dates from buried soils and peat associated with outermost moraines at three glaciers—Tverreggibreen, Storegrovbreen and Greinbreen—also indicate that the ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier maximum was the Neoglacial maximum at most if not all glaciers. Several maximum age estimates for the Little Ice Age glacier maximum range between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, with the youngest from a buried soil being AD 1693. A pre‐Little Ice Age maximum cannot be ruled out at Greinbreen, however, where the age of buried peat suggests the outermost moraine dates from AD 981–1399 (at variance with the lichenometric evidence). Glaciofluvial stratigraphy at Tverreggibreen provides evidence for minor glacier advances about AD 655–963 and AD 1277–1396, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modelling the southern extent of the last Icelandic ice‐sheet     

Robert G. Bingham  Nicholas R. J. Hulton  Andrew J. Dugmore 《第四纪科学杂志》2003,18(2):169-181

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高山冰川遥感提取方法研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘梅 《测绘与空间地理信息》2017,(10):135-138,143

遥感的应用使得对冰川大尺度全覆盖、多时相变化的监测成为可能,然而冰川信息遥感提取方法的误差大等难题成为影响冰川监测的障碍。本文综合分析比较了目前已有的多种冰川提取方法的有效性,得出提取冰川范围精度最高的是面向对象的目视判读方法,其次是最大似然法监督分类、面向对象的自动分类、比值阈值法、雪盖指数法等。各自动方法提取冰川面积均有较大误差,且误差主要出现在冰舌末端、阴影区、薄冰区和云层遮盖范围等区域。本文将面向对象的目视判读法应用于冰川提取中,在保证信息提取精度的同时提高了传统解译的效率。  相似文献   

Sedimentary processes in a submarine canyon excavated into a temperate‐carbonate ramp (Granada Basin,southern Spain)     

ÁNGEL PUGA‐BERNABÉU  JOSÉ M. MARTÍN  JUAN C. BRAGA 《Sedimentology》2008,55(5):1449-1466

During the Late Tortonian, shallow‐water temperate carbonates were deposited in a small bay on a gentle ramp linked to a small island (Alhama de Granada area, Granada Basin, southern Spain). A submarine canyon (the ‘Alhama Submarine Canyon’) developed close to the shoreline, cross‐cutting the temperate‐carbonate ramp. The Alhama Submarine Canyon had an irregular profile and steep slopes (10° to 30°). It was excavated in two phases reflected by two major erosion surfaces, the lowermost of which was incised at least 50 m into the ramp. Wedge‐shaped and trough‐shaped, concave‐up beds of calcareous (terrigenous) deposits overlie these erosional surfaces and filled the canyon. A combination of processes connected to sea‐level changes is proposed to explain the evolution of the Alhama Submarine Canyon. During sea‐level fall, part of the carbonate ramp became exposed and a river valley was excavated. As sea‐level rose, river flows continued along the submerged, former river‐channel, eroding and deepening the valley and creating a submarine canyon. At this stage, only some of the transported conglomerates were deposited locally. As sea‐level continued to rise, the river mouth became detached from the canyon head; littoral sediments, transported by longshore and storm currents, were now captured inside the canyon, generating erosive flows that contributed to its excavation. Most of the canyon infilling took place later, during sea‐level highstand. Longshore‐transported well‐sorted calcarenites/fine‐grained calcirudites derived from longshore‐drift sandwaves poured into and fed the canyon from the south. Coarse‐grained, bioclastic calcirudites derived from a poorly sorted, bioclastic ‘factory facies’ cascaded into the canyon from the north during storms.  相似文献   

冰川水文模型研究进展   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

卿文武  陈仁升  刘时银 《水科学进展》2008,19(6):893-902

定量评估冰川变化对干旱区流域/区域水资源管理、海平面上升以及冰川自然灾害预防等十分重要。从冰川产流(消融)和汇流两个水文物理过程出发,介绍了国内外冰川水文模型的研究进展,对目前应用最广的两类消融模型——基于气象因子的统计模型和基于物理机制的能量平衡模型进行了分析和讨论;从冰川表面、内部以及下部汇流3个方面阐述了冰川汇流模型所取得的成果。表明冰川产流(消融)模型已相对较为成熟,而冰川汇流过程目前仍处于探索阶段。构建适合不同规模和类型冰川的、包含冰川运动信息的分布式冰川水文物理模型是今后的研究重点。  相似文献